It happened one 31 July

1715 : 10 Spanish ships filled with gold sank off the coast of Florida


On July 31, 1715, 10 Spanish ships carrying gold and silver, along the east coast of Florida, are caught in a hurricane and sank into the ocean carrying 1,000 sailors with them. Expeditions were successfully carried out in 1716 to recover the gold, but a significant proportion remained on the ocean floor. The latest treasures were found in the 1960s.

1941 : Goering ordered the planning of the Final Solution


On 31 July 1941, following instructions from Hitler, Goering ordered Heydrich and Himmler to plan the elimination of the Jews in Europe (the Final Solution to the Jewish question).

1945 : Pierre Laval arrested in Austria


On July 31, 1945, the head of the Vichy government, Pierre Laval, surrendered to U.S. authorities in Austria where he had fled. He was extradited to France, sentenced to death and executed on October 15, 1945.

1954 : First successful ascent of K2


On July 31, 1954, the Italian climbers Achille Compagnoni and Lino Lacedelli reached the summit of K2, the second highest mountain in the world, on the border between Pakistan and China. The expedition led by Ardito Desio and which included Pakistani Colonel Muhammad Ata-ullah, the young mountaineer Walter Bonatti and the Hunza Pakistani porter Amir Mahdi. The K2 is one of the most difficult and dangerous summits in the world and has never been conquered in winter.

1971 : Apollo 15 and lunar vehicle


On July 31, 1971, astronauts David Scott and James Irwin made ​​the first moonwalk aboard their Lunar Rover, a small all-terrain vehicle.

Quote of the day : 31 July

J. K. Rowling
It is our choices... that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.

Birthdays : 31 July

John Ericsson, Swedish inventor (1803)
Henri Brisson, French politician (1835)
Fred Quimby, American producer (1886)
Fatima Jinnah, Pakistani politician (1893)
Jean Dubuffet, French painter (1901)
Milton Friedman, American economist, Nobel prize Laureate (1912)
Louis de Funès, French actor (1914)
Paul D. Boyer, American chemist, Nobel Prize (1918)
Primo Levi, Italian chemist and writer (1919)
Peter Benenson, English lawyer, founder of Amnesty International (1921)
Donald Malarkey, Non-commissioned officer with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division, during World War II (1921)
Don Murray, American actor (1929)
Susan Flannery, American actress (1939)
Geraldine Chaplin, American actress (1944)
Michael Biehn, American actor (1956)
Wesley Snipes, American actor (1962)
Jim Corr, Irish musician (The Corrs) (1964)
J. K. Rowling, English writer (1965)
Dean Cain, American actor (1966)
Emilia Fox, English actress (1974)
Carlos Marchena, Spanish footballer (1979)
Eric Lively, American actor (1981)

They left us one 31 July

Denis Diderot, French philosopher (1784)
Andrew Johnson, 17th President of the United States (1875)
Franz Liszt, Hungarian composer (1886)
Jean Jaurès, French politician (1914)
Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, French pilot and writer (1944)
Paul-Henri Spaak, Belgian politician (1972)
Joseph E. Levine, American producer (1987)
Virginia Grey, American actress (2004)

Tip of the Day : 31 July

Apply nail polish


To apply your nail polish, do not stay in the sun: the nail varnish would thicken. Put the bottle in the fridge before application. You can even add a few drops of 90 ° alcohol before using it to make it perfectly smooth.
Apply a few thin layers, rather than a single thick one.
To make your nail polish last longer, you can apply tincture of benzoin on your nails before putting it.

* Warning

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